Applications of Nanocomposites in Removal of Dyes from Wastewater: A Critical Review
Graphical Abstract
Abstract
Contamination of water by synthetic dyes due to industrial activities is a pressing environmental issue. These dyes are toxic, nonbiodegradable, and pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health. Nanocomposite materials are increasingly recognized for their outstanding capacity to eliminate synthetic dyes from wastewater. By combining exceptionally large surface areas with customizable surface chemistry and catalytic properties, composites such as graphene oxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles can remove dyes through both adsorption and light-driven degradation processes. Although studies often report removal efficiencies above 90%, real-world implementation is challenged by high production costs, difficulties in scaling up, and concerns over nanoparticle release into the environment. To address these hurdles, researchers are developing greener, more scalable fabrication methods like microwave‑assisted synthesis—to reduce energy consumption and improve material uniformity. At the same time, process optimization models are being applied to fine‑tune reaction conditions and enhance performance under practical treatment scenarios. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current state and future prospects of nanocomposite-based dye removal techniques for sustainable wastewater treatment.
UNSDG Goals: SDG 3, SDG 6, SDG 9, SDG 12, SDG 13.
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Details
| Section | Reviews |
|---|---|
| Pages | 7-22 |
| Data Availability Statement | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. |
